Great Northern Paper Company Timeline
Once the world’s largest newsprint manufacturer, the Great Northern Paper Company was the beating heart of the Katahdin region. For nearly a century, its mills defined Maine’s industrial power, providing high-paying jobs and forging a proud community identity. However, starting in the 1970s, global market shifts, corporate mergers, mass layoffs, and eventual mill closures transformed the local landscape.
Today, the region is embarking on a new era of industrial reuse and green-tech renewal. Explore the complete historical timeline of Great Northern Paper in Millinocket and East Millinocket below—from its pioneering rise to its modern legacy.
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1830
Thomas Fowler and his family built a farm on the West Branch of the Penobscot River at the site of what eventually became the Millinocket paper mill.
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1837
A State of Maine census shows several families living in what was then known as East Indian Township No. 2.
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1847
Henry David Thoreau, the famous American naturalist, author, poet, and philosopher, hired Thomas Fowler, Sr., and his son Thomas Jr. as guides for a trip to Mt. Katahdin.
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1893
Bangor & Aroostook Railroad is constructed as far as Houlton, Maine.
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1897-1898
Charles A. Mullen identified the water power potential at Quakish Lake and Millinocket Stream. Engineer Garret Schenck and industrialist Edward H. Haskell teamed up to secure financial backing from major investors like J.P. Morgan and Oliver H. Payne, raising $6 million—making it the largest paper mill project in the world at the time.
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October 21, 1898
Great Northern Paper filed paperwork to create the corporation.
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1898
1,500 Italian immigrants were brought to the area to build the Millinocket mill.
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1899
Great Northern Paper, Inc. is formed, and construction in Millinocket began.
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1899
The Madison Mill produces the first paper for Great Northern Paper.
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1900
Millinocket’s population reaches 2,000.
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November 1, 1900
The first paper machine went into operation at the Millinocket mill, shipping newsprint to major national publications shortly thereafter.
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1901
The first union at GNP is organized.
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1901
The town of Millinocket is incorporated.
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1906
Construction on the East Millinocket mill began.
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1907
The East Millinocket mill is completed.
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1911
Millinocket’s population reaches 5,000, and East Millinocket nearly 1,000.
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1916–1920
Original Ripogenus Dam construction.
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1927
Founder of GNP, Garret Schenck dies.
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1931
Former Maine Governor Percival Baxter made his initial gift of 6,000 acres around Mt. Katahdin to the state. Given GNP's surrounding 2-million-acre empire, land trades, and shared borders, this was a pivotal moment in the geography of the Katahdin region.
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1942
GNP’s timberland holdings peak at just over 2 million acres.
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1952
GNP begins a four-year expansion of the East Millinocket mill, adding two new machines for $38 million.
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1953
The Ripogenus Dam power station is completed. The company’s fifth and largest hydropower dam costs $7 million.
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1954
A new steam plant is built and is operating in the Millinocket mill.
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1954
GNP developed and opened the world's first commercial chemigroundwood plant in East Millinocket. This groundbreaking innovation allowed hardwood (like birch and maple) to be used alongside softwood for high-grade paper making, revolutionizing forest management and paper technology globally.
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1955
The Madison Mill is sold to Economy Corporation.
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1961
GNP Hotel is torn down.
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1961
A large pipeline was installed between Millinocket and East Millinocket to carry slush sulfite pulp for paper machine operation at the East Millinocket mill for about $2 Million.
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1963
GNP purchases its first out-of-state investment, a paper mill in Cedar Springs, Georgia.
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1964
The Civil Rights Act was signed into law, and women started to work in the mills doing men’s work on all shifts and getting paid equally.
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1970
GNP merges with Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co. Of Wisconsin to create Great Northern Nekoosa Corp. Mill and timberland operations in Maine and retain the GNP name as a subsidiary.
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Late 1960’s to early 1970’s
GNP employment peaks at about 4,400 people.
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1971
Construction of the Golden Road begins.
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August 1971
The Last Log Drive on the West Branch of the Penobscot River.
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1972
The new No. 11 paper machine is installed in Millinocket, increasing efficiency with a $50 million investment.
The Clean Water Act is passed. As the state cracks down on industrial pollution, GNP spends $36 million on pollution abatement equipment to comply with new regulations.
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1973
The Arab oil embargo turned energy into paper mills’ top concern. GNP begins an energy conservation operation, spending $122 million on converting oil burners to use coal and bark.
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1976
A group of rafters shoots the rapids on the West Branch of the Penobscot River for the first time.
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1978
The Great Northern Nekoosa board of directors vetoed a GNP plan to diversify and construct a wafer board mill in Maine, and many workers at GNP went on strike for the first time.
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1980
Tribal demands for traditional lands are resolved with the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, but fears over the security of large-scale land ownership remain.
Great Northern Nekoosa decides to sell off most of its lumber operation, narrowing the focus on paper making.
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1985
“Big A” hydropower project is abandoned.
Great Northern Nekoosa spends $200 million rebuilding century-old paper machines in East Millinocket.
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1986
A major restructuring resulted in the loss of 2,000 jobs.
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1989
Georgia-Pacific Corp. launches a hostile takeover of Great Northern Nekoosa. The $3.75 billion deal was completed in early 1990, and 15 GNP managers immediately are laid off.
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1991
Bowater Corp. of South Carolina purchases the original GNP mills, timberland, and other Maine assets from Georgia-Pacific for $300 million.
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1998
Bowater sells nearly 1 million acres of GNP timberland to J.D. Irving for $220 million and an additional 656,000 acres to an Alabama Investment company for $155 million.
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1999
Inexcon, a Canadian consulting firm, buy Bowater’s Maine holdings for $250 million.
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2001
Inexcon raises funds for a $140 million modernization, much of it in the Millinocket mill, using remaining timberland as collateral.
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2002
GNP sells 41,000 acres of timberland to The Nature Conservatory and places an additional 200,000 acres under conservation easement in exchange for a $50 million contribution to company debts.
Inexcon sells GNP’s hydroelectric system to a Canadian energy conglomerate for $156.5 million.
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2002
Hydro system sold to Brascan Corp. and renamed Great Northern Energy.
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2003
GNP files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
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2003
Brascan purchases GNP assets for $103 million, renames the company Katahdin Paper, and forms Katahdin Paper, LLC.
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2003
Brookfield Asset Management purchases Katahdin Paper Company
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2006
Katahdin Paper Co. announces that it will be increasing pulp production in East Millinocket and pumping more pulp to Millinocket to offset the closure of a Canadian pulp mill.
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2007
Fraser Papers, Inc. fails in an attempt to buy Katahdin Paper Co., LLC from Brookfield Asset Management for $80 million, and company officials say they are confident the mill will be running profitably within a year.
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January 2008
Katahdin Paper, LLC announces plans to hire 200 new workers to replace as many as 300 older workers expected to retire from the East Millinocket and Millinocket mills over the next five years.
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May 29, 2008
Katahdin Paper, LLC announces that unless it can find an alternative energy source it will close its Millinocket paper mill effective July 28.
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September 2, 2008
Brookfield Asset Management announces the closure of Katahdin Paper, LLC’s Millinocket Mill, idling 208 workers. The company cites high oil costs as a leading reason for its decision to shutter the mill.
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April 28, 2010
Fraser Paper Co. was sold to the newly formed Twin Rivers Paper Co.
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April 8, 2011
Brookfield Asset Management shuts down the East Millinocket mill after negotiations breakdown with a potential buyer of Katahdin Paper, LLC. More than 450 workers are idled.
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September 16, 2011
Governor Paul LePage announces the GNP parent company Cate Street Capital of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, has consummated negotiations with former parent company Brookfield Asset Management of Toronto and purchased in escrow the East Millinocket and Millinocket paper mills for an undisclosed amount. The final sale occurs later in September.
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October 17, 2011
The reopened mill in East Millinocket begins producing newsprint under new GNP management, employing 217 workers.
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February 23, 2013
GNP announced it will raze the building on the idled Millinocket mill site to create an industrial park.
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January 23, 2014
East Millinocket mill ceases production because of what GNP officials term high production costs and poor market conditions. The shutdown is expected to last up to 16 weeks while the company creates a new business plan.
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February 6, 2014
GNP lays off 212 of 256 workers at its idled mill in East Millinocket. The company says layoffs are not expected to last longer than six months.
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April 10, 2014
The IRS files liens against GNP’s Millinocket and East Millinocket holdings seeking $2.48 million in unpaid corporate income taxes.
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May 20, 2014
A Maine Superior Court justice rules that Northern Construction Services of Glenburn can schedule an auction of the East Millinocket paper mill to recoup more than $240,000 owed by GNP. Ninety days later, an auction is scheduled for October 15.
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May 21, 2014
Millinocket files a lien against GNP seeking $2.24 million in delinquent tax payments.
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June 19, 2014
The No. 11 paper machine in GNP’s defunct Millinocket mill is sold at auction, along with other equipment, for approximately $2.5 million.
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August 8, 2014
GNP issues federally mandated layoff notices to workers at its idled East Millinocket mill. The federal Workers Adjustment and Restraining Notification Act requires most employers with 100 or more employees to provide notification to workers 60 calendar days before plant closings and mass layoffs expected to last six months or more.
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September 23, 2014
Great Northern Paper Co. LLC files for bankruptcy in a Delaware court, listing more than 1,000 creditors and $50 million in debt. On the same day, three companies filed a petition in a Bangor court seeking to force the company into involuntary bankruptcy.
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November 21, 2014
A demolition company working for the mill owner used explosives to take down the two remaining smoke stacks at the Great Northern Paper Co. mill.
For many people, the smoke stacks represented the prosperous mill town that produced paper for more than a hundred years. Today, the stacks and all the memories that go with them were gone in just a matter of seconds.
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January 11, 2017
Our Katahdin, a non-profit 501-c3 purchased Cate Street Capital holdings in Millinocket.
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2020
The Town of East Millinocket acquired the former GNP mill site out of bankruptcy/foreclosure to redevelop it into a multi-tenant bio-industrial park.
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January 2021
Our Katahdin officially settled and discharged the $1.4 million IRS tax lien encumbering the 1,400-acre Millinocket mill site, clearing the property title for new industrial, bio-product, and technology tenants.
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2022–2024
Our Katahdin officially rebrands the 1,400-acre former Millinocket mill site as One North, securing major infrastructure investments to transition the site into a green-energy and forest bio-economy hub. Meanwhile, the town of East Millinocket continues redevelopment of its mill property, attracting new bio-based manufacturing and clean technology ventures to the region.