Great Northern Paper Company Timeline

The Great Northern Paper Company mill was once the largest newsprint mill in the world and a giant in the pulp and paper industry. It provided high-paying jobs and a sense of identity for the Katahdin region. Things began to change in the 1970s and 1980s when mergers, layoffs, sales, and shutdowns dominated headlines. Here's a timeline of the history of Great Northern Paper Company in Millinocket and East Millinocket, Maine.

Great Northern Paper Logo
  • 1830

    Thomas Fowler and his family built a farm on the West Branch of the Penobscot River at the site of what eventually became the Millinocket paper mill.

  • 1837

    A State of Maine census shows several families living in what was then known as East Indian Township No. 2.

  • 1847

    Henry David Thoreau, the famous American naturalist, author, poet, and philosopher, hired Thomas Fowler, Sr., and his son Thomas Jr. as guides for a trip to Mt. Katahdin.

  • 1893

    Bangor & Aroostook Railroad is constructed as far as Houlton, Maine.

  • October 21, 1898

    Great Northern Paper filed paperwork to create the corporation.

  • 1898

    1,500 Italian immigrants were brought to the area to build the Millinocket mill.

  • 1899

    Great Northern Paper, Inc. is formed, and construction in Millinocket began.

  • 1899

    The Madison Mill produces the first paper for Great Northern Paper.

  • 1900

    The first newsprint rolls out of the Millinocket mill.

  • 1900

    Millinocket’s population reaches 2,000.

  • 1901

    The first union at GNP is organized.

  • 1901

    The town of Millinocket is incorporated.

  • 1906

    Construction on the East Millinocket mill began.

  • 1907

    The East Millinocket mill is completed.

  • 1911

    Millinocket’s population reaches 5,000, and East Millinocket nearly 1,000.

  • 1927

    Founder of GNP, Garret Schenck dies.

  • 1942

    GNP’s timberland holdings peak at just over 2 million acres.

  • 1952

    GNP begins a four-year expansion of the East Millinocket mill, adding two new machines for $38 million.

  • 1953

    The Ripogenus Dam power station is completed. The company’s fifth and largest hydropower dam costs $7 million.

  • 1954

    A new steam plant is built and is operating in the Millinocket mill.

  • 1955

    The Madison Mill is sold to Economy Corporation.

  • 1961

    GNP Hotel is torn down.

  • 1961

    A large pipeline was installed between Millinocket and East Millinocket to carry slush sulfite pulp for paper machine operation at the East Millinocket mill for about $2 Million.

  • 1963

    GNP purchases its first out-of-state investment, a paper mill in Cedar Springs, Georgia.

  • 1964

    The Civil Rights Act was signed into law, and women started to work in the mills doing men’s work on all shifts and getting paid equally.

  • 1970

    GNP merges with Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co. Of Wisconsin to create Great Northern Nekoosa Corp. Mill and timberland operations in Maine and retain the GNP name as a subsidiary.

  • Late 1960’s to early 1970’s

    GNP employment peaks at about 4,400 people.

  • 1971

    Construction of the Golden Road begins.

    Log driving on the Penobscot River ended.

  • 1972

    The new No. 11 paper machine is installed in Millinocket, increasing efficiency with a $50 million investment.

    The Clean Water Act is passed. As the state cracks down on industrial pollution, GNP spends $36 million on pollution abatement equipment to comply with new regulations.

  • 1973

    The Arab oil embargo turned energy into paper mills’ top concern. GNP begins an energy conservation operation, spending $122 million on converting oil burners to use coal and bark.

  • 1976

    A group of rafters shoots the rapids on the West Branch of the Penobscot River for the first time.

  • 1978

    The Great Northern Nekoosa board of directors vetoed a GNP plan to diversify and construct a wafer board mill in Maine, and many workers at GNP went on strike for the first time.

  • 1980

    Tribal demands for traditional lands are resolved with the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, but fears over the security of large-scale land ownership remain.

    Great Northern Nekoosa decides to sell off most of its lumber operation, narrowing the focus on paper making.

  • 1985

    “Big A” hydropower project is abandoned.

    Great Northern Nekoosa spends $200 million rebuilding century-old paper machines in East Millinocket.

  • 1986

    A major restructuring resulted in the loss of 2,000 jobs.

  • 1989

    Georgia-Pacific Corp. launches a hostile takeover of Great Northern Nekoosa. The $3.75 billion deal was completed in early 1990, and 15 GNP managers immediately are laid off.

  • 1991

    Bowater Corp. of South Carolina purchases the original GNP mills, timberland, and other Maine assets from Georgia-Pacific for $300 million.

  • 1991

    Bowater Corp. of South Carolina purchases the original GNP mills, timberland, and other Maine assets from Georgia-Pacific for $300 million.

  • 1998

    Bowater sells nearly 1 million acres of GNP timberland to J.D. Irving for $220 million and an additional 656,000 acres to an Alabama Investment company for $155 million.

  • 1999

    Inexcon, a Canadian consulting firm, buy Bowater’s Maine holdings for $250 million.

  • 2001

    Inexcon raises funds for a $140 million modernization, much of it in the Millinocket mill, using remaining timberland as collateral.

  • 2002

    GNP sells 41,000 acres of timberland to The Nature Conservatory and places an additional 200,000 acres under conservation easement in exchange for a $50 million contribution to company debts.

    Inexcon sells GNP’s hydroelectric system to a Canadian energy conglomerate for $156.5 million.

  • 2002

    Hydro system sold to Brascan Corp. and renamed Great Northern Energy.

  • 2003

    GNP files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

  • 2003

    Brascan purchases GNP assets for $103 million, renames the company Katahdin Paper, and forms Katahdin Paper, LLC.

  • 2003

    Brookfield Asset Management purchases Katahdin Paper Company

  • 2006

    Katahdin Paper Co. announces that it will be increasing pulp production in East Millinocket and pumping more pulp to Millinocket to offset the closure of a Canadian pulp mill.

  • 2007

    Fraser Papers, Inc. fails in an attempt to buy Katahdin Paper Co., LLC from Brookfield Asset Management for $80 million, and company officials say they are confident the mill will be running profitably within a year.

  • January 2008

    Katahdin Paper, LLC announces plans to hire 200 new workers to replace as many as 300 older workers expected to retire from the East Millinocket and Millinocket mills over the next five years.

  • May 29, 2008

    Katahdin Paper, LLC announces that unless it can find an alternative energy source it will close its Millinocket paper mill effective July 28.

  • September 2, 2008

    Brookfield Asset Management announces the closure of Katahdin Paper, LLC’s  Millinocket Mill, idling 208 workers. The company cites high oil costs as a leading reason for its decision to shutter the mill.

  • April 28, 2010

    Fraser Paper Co. was sold to the newly formed Twin Rivers Paper Co.

  • April 8, 2011

    Brookfield Asset Management shuts down the East Millinocket mill after negotiations breakdown with a potential buyer of Katahdin Paper, LLC. More than 450 workers are idled.

  • September 16, 2011

    Governor Paul LePage announces the GNP parent company Cate Street Capital of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, has consummated negotiations with former parent company Brookfield Asset Management of Toronto and purchased in escrow the East Millinocket and Millinocket paper mills for an undisclosed amount. The final sale occurs later in September.

  • October 17, 2011

    The reopened mill in East Millinocket begins producing newsprint under new GNP management, employing 217 workers.

  • February 23, 2013

    GNP announced it will raze the building on the idled Millinocket mill site to create an industrial park.

  • January 23, 2014

    East Millinocket mill ceases production because of what GNP officials term high production costs and poor market conditions. The shutdown is expected to last up to 16 weeks while the company creates a new business plan.

  • February 6, 2014

    GNP lays off 212 of 256 workers at its idled mill in East Millinocket. The company says layoffs are not expected to last longer than six months.

  • April 10, 2014

    The IRS files liens against GNP’s Millinocket and East Millinocket holdings seeking $2.48 million in unpaid corporate income taxes.

  • May 20, 2014

    A Maine Superior Court justice rules that Northern Construction Services of Glenburn can schedule an auction of the East Millinocket paper mill to recoup more than $240,000 owed by GNP. Ninety days later, an auction is scheduled for October 15.

  • May 21, 2014

    Millinocket files a lien against GNP seeking $2.24 million in delinquent tax payments.

  • June 19, 2014

    The No. 11 paper machine in GNP’s defunct Millinocket mill is sold at auction, along with other equipment, for approximately $2.5 million.

  • August 8, 2014

    GNP issues federally mandated layoff notices to workers at its idled East Millinocket mill. The federal Workers Adjustment and Restraining Notification Act requires most employers with 100 or more employees to provide notification to workers 60 calendar days before plant closings and mass layoffs expected to last six months or more.

  • September 23, 2014

    Great Northern Paper Co. LLC files for bankruptcy in a Delaware court, listing more than 1,000 creditors and $50 million in debt. On the same day, three companies filed a petition in a Bangor court seeking to force the company into involuntary bankruptcy.

  • November 21, 2014

    A demolition company working for the mill owner used explosives to take down the two remaining smoke stacks at the Great Northern Paper Co. mill.

    For many people, the smoke stacks represented the prosperous mill town that produced paper for more than a hundred years. Today, the stacks and all the memories that go with them were gone in just a matter of seconds.

  • January 11, 2017

    Our Katahdin, a non-profit 501-c3 purchased Cate Street Capital holdings in Millinocket.

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